ABSTRACT
We contrast the interventions conducted by the Federal Reserve in response to the subprime and COVID-19 crises with respect to their effectiveness in reducing disaster risk. Using model-free measures of disaster risk derived from daily options data, we document that interventions in response to both crises reduced tail risks in domestic equity markets. Spillover effects are notably distinct. While the subprime interventions are generally characterized by negative spillovers to international equity markets, the responses to the COVID--19 crisis are generally associated with positive spillovers. We interpret these results as consistent with different degrees of protagonism played by Central Banks in the two episodes, emphasizing the importance of a broader participation of monetary authorities in expanding their balance sheets to counteract the effects of major crises.